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3.1.11 Morse Code Generator
=============================

Introduction
-----------------

In this lesson, we'll make a Morse code generator, where you type in a
series of English letters in the Raspberry Pi to make it appear as Morse
code.

Components
---------------

.. image:: img/3.1.10.png
    :align: center

Schematic Diagram
-----------------------

============ ======== ======== ===
T-Board Name physical wiringPi BCM
GPIO17       Pin 11   0        17
GPIO22       Pin 15   3        22
============ ======== ======== ===

.. image:: img/Schematic_three_one11.png
   :align: center

Experimental Procedures
----------------------------

**Step 1:** Build the circuit. (Pay attention to poles of the buzzer:
The one with + label is the positive pole and the other is the
negative.)

.. image:: img/image269.png
   :width: 800

**For C Language Users**
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

**Step 2**: Open the code file.

.. raw:: html

   <run></run>

.. code-block::

    cd ~/davinci-kit-for-raspberry-pi/c/3.1.11/

**Step 3**: Compile the code.

.. raw:: html

   <run></run>

.. code-block::

    gcc 3.1.11_MorseCodeGenerator.c -lwiringPi

**Step 4**: Run the executable file above.

.. raw:: html

   <run></run>

.. code-block:: 

    sudo ./a.out

After the program runs, type a series of characters, and the buzzer and
the LED will send the corresponding Morse code signals.

.. note::

    If it does not work after running, or there is an error prompt: \"wiringPi.h: No such file or directory\", please refer to :ref:`C code is not working?`.


**Code Explanation**

.. code-block:: c

    struct MORSE{
        char word;
        unsigned char *code;
    };

    struct MORSE morseDict[]=
    {
        {'A',"01"}, {'B',"1000"}, {'C',"1010"}, {'D',"100"}, {'E',"0"}, 
        {'F',"0010"}, {'G',"110"}, {'H',"0000"}, {'I',"00"}, {'J',"0111"}, 
        {'K',"101"}, {'L',"0100"}, {'M',"11"}, {'N',"10"}, {'O',"111"}, 
        {'P',"0110"}, {'Q',"1101"}, {'R',"010"}, {'S',"000"}, {'T',"1"},
        {'U',"001"}, {'V',"0001"}, {'W',"011"}, {'X',"1001"}, {'Y',"1011"}, 
        {'Z',"1100"},{'1',"01111"}, {'2',"00111"}, {'3',"00011"}, {'4',"00001"}, 
        {'5',"00000"},{'6',"10000"}, {'7',"11000"}, {'8',"11100"}, {'9',"11110"},
        {'0',"11111"},{'?',"001100"}, {'/',"10010"}, {',',"110011"}, {'.',"010101"},
        {';',"101010"},{'!',"101011"}, {'@',"011010"}, {':',"111000"}
    };

This structure MORSE is the dictionary of the Morse code, containing
characters A-Z, numbers 0-9 and marks \"?\" \"/\" \":\" \",\" \".\" \";\" \"!\" \"@\" .

.. code-block:: c

    char *lookup(char key,struct MORSE *dict,int length)
    {
        for (int i=0;i<length;i++)
        {
            if(dict[i].word==key){
                return dict[i].code;
            }
        }    
    }

The function **lookup()** works by \"checking the dictionary\". Define a
**key,** search the same words as **key** in the structure **morseDict**
and return the corresponding information— \"**code**\" of the certain
word.

.. code-block:: c

    void on(){
        digitalWrite(ALedPin,HIGH);
        digitalWrite(BeepPin,HIGH);     
    }

Create a function on() to start the buzzer and the LED.

.. code-block:: c

    void off(){
        digitalWrite(ALedPin,LOW);
        digitalWrite(BeepPin,LOW);
    }

The function off() turns off the buzzer and the LED.

.. code-block:: c

    void beep(int dt){
        on();
        delay(dt);
        off();
        delay(dt);
    }

Define a function beep() to make the buzzer and the LED emit sounds and
blink in a certain interval of **dt**.

.. code-block:: c

    void morsecode(char *code){
        int pause = 250;
        char *point = NULL;
        int length = sizeof(morseDict)/sizeof(morseDict[0]);
        for (int i=0;i<strlen(code);i++)
        {
            point=lookup(code[i],morseDict,length);
            for (int j=0;j<strlen(point);j++){
                if (point[j]=='0')
                {
                    beep(pause/2);
                }else if(point[j]=='1')
                {
                    beep(pause);
                }
                delay(pause);
            }
        }
    }

The function morsecode() is used to process the Morse code of input
characters by making the \"1\" of the code keep emitting sounds or lights
and the \"0\"shortly emit sounds or lights, ex., input \"SOS\", and there
will be a signal containing three short three long and then three short
segments \" · · · - - - · · · \".

.. code-block:: c

    int toupper(int c)
    {
        if ((c >= 'a') && (c <= 'z'))
            return c + ('A' - 'a');
        return c;
    }
    char *strupr(char *str)
    {
        char *orign=str;
        for (; *str!='\0'; str++)
            *str = toupper(*str);
    return orign;
    }

Before coding, you need to unify the letters into capital letters.

.. code-block:: c

    void main(){
        setup();
        char *code;
        int length=8;
        code = (char*)malloc(sizeof(char)*length);
        while (1){
            printf("Please input the messenger:");
            delay(100);
            scanf("%s",code);
            code=strupr(code);
            printf("%s\n",code);
            delay(100);
            morsecode(code);
        }
    }

When you type the relevant characters with the keyboard,
code=strupr(code) will convert the input letters to their capital form.

Printf() then prints the clear text on the computer screen, and the
morsecod() function causes the buzzer and the LED to emit Morse code.

Note that the length of the input character mustn’t exceed the
**length** (can be revised).

**For Python Language Users**
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

**Step 2**: Open the code file.

.. raw:: html

   <run></run>

.. code-block::

    cd ~/davinci-kit-for-raspberry-pi/python

**Step 3**: Run.

.. raw:: html

   <run></run>

.. code-block::

    sudo python3 3.1.11_MorseCodeGenerator.py

After the program runs, type a series of characters, and the buzzer and
the LED will send the corresponding Morse code signals.

**Code**

.. note::

    You can **Modify/Reset/Copy/Run/Stop** the code below. But before that, you need to go to  source code path like ``davinci-kit-for-raspberry-pi/python``. 
    

.. code-block:: python

    import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
    import time

    BeepPin=22
    ALedPin=17

    MORSECODE = {
        'A':'01', 'B':'1000', 'C':'1010', 'D':'100', 'E':'0', 'F':'0010', 'G':'110',
        'H':'0000', 'I':'00', 'J':'0111', 'K':'101', 'L':'0100', 'M':'11', 'N':'10',
        'O':'111', 'P':'0110', 'Q':'1101', 'R':'010', 'S':'000', 'T':'1',
        'U':'001', 'V':'0001', 'W':'011', 'X':'1001', 'Y':'1011', 'Z':'1100',
        '1':'01111', '2':'00111', '3':'00011', '4':'00001', '5':'00000',
        '6':'10000', '7':'11000', '8':'11100', '9':'11110', '0':'11111',
        '?':'001100', '/':'10010', ',':'110011', '.':'010101', ';':'101010',
        '!':'101011', '@':'011010', ':':'111000',
        }

    def setup():
        GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
        GPIO.setup(BeepPin, GPIO.OUT, initial=GPIO.LOW)
        GPIO.setup(ALedPin,GPIO.OUT,initial=GPIO.LOW)

    def on():
        GPIO.output(BeepPin, 1)
        GPIO.output(ALedPin, 1)

    def off():
        GPIO.output(BeepPin, 0)
        GPIO.output(ALedPin, 0)

    def beep(dt):	# dt for delay time.
        on()
        time.sleep(dt)
        off()
        time.sleep(dt)

    def morsecode(code):
        pause = 0.25
        for letter in code:
            for tap in MORSECODE[letter]:
                if tap == '0':
                    beep(pause/2)
                if tap == '1':
                    beep(pause)
            time.sleep(pause)

    def main():
        while True:
            code=input("Please input the messenger:")
            code = code.upper()
            print(code)
            morsecode(code)

    def destroy():
        print("")
        GPIO.output(BeepPin, GPIO.LOW)
        GPIO.output(ALedPin, GPIO.LOW)
        GPIO.cleanup()  

    if __name__ == '__main__':
        setup()
        try:
            main()
        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            destroy()

**Code Explanation**

.. code-block:: python

    MORSECODE = {
        'A':'01', 'B':'1000', 'C':'1010', 'D':'100', 'E':'0', 'F':'0010', 'G':'110',
        'H':'0000', 'I':'00', 'J':'0111', 'K':'101', 'L':'0100', 'M':'11', 'N':'10',
        'O':'111', 'P':'0110', 'Q':'1101', 'R':'010', 'S':'000', 'T':'1',
        'U':'001', 'V':'0001', 'W':'011', 'X':'1001', 'Y':'1011', 'Z':'1100',
        '1':'01111', '2':'00111', '3':'00011', '4':'00001', '5':'00000',
        '6':'10000', '7':'11000', '8':'11100', '9':'11110', '0':'11111',
        '?':'001100', '/':'10010', ',':'110011', '.':'010101', ';':'101010',
        '!':'101011', '@':'011010', ':':'111000',
        }

This structure MORSE is the dictionary of the Morse code, containing
characters A-Z, numbers 0-9 and marks \"?\" \"/\" \":\" \",\" \".\" \";\" \"!\" \"@\" .

.. code-block:: python

    def on():
        GPIO.output(BeepPin, 1)
        GPIO.output(ALedPin, 1)

The function on() starts the buzzer and the LED.

.. code-block:: python

    def off():
        GPIO.output(BeepPin, 0)
        GPIO.output(ALedPin, 0)

The function off() is used to turn off the buzzer and the LED.

.. code-block:: python

    def beep(dt):   # x for dalay time.
        on()
        time.sleep(dt)
        off()
        time.sleep(dt)

Define a function beep() to make the buzzer and the LED emit sounds and
blink in a certain interval of **dt**.

.. code-block:: python

    def morsecode(code):
        pause = 0.25
        for letter in code:
            for tap in MORSECODE[letter]:
                if tap == '0':
                    beep(pause/2)
                if tap == '1':
                    beep(pause)
            time.sleep(pause)

The function morsecode() is used to process the Morse code of input
characters by making the \"1\" of the code keep emitting sounds or lights
and the \"0\"shortly emit sounds or lights, ex., input \"SOS\", and there
will be a signal containing three short three long and then three short
segments \" · · · - - - · · · \".

.. code-block:: python

    def main():
        while True:
            code=input("Please input the messenger:")
            code = code.upper()
            print(code)
            morsecode(code)

When you type the relevant characters with the keyboard, upper() will
convert the input letters to their capital form.

Printf () then prints the clear text on the computer screen, and the
morsecod() function causes the buzzer and the LED to emit Morse code.


Phenomenon Picture
-----------------------

.. image:: img/image270.jpeg
   :align: center